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Kernig's sign is a test used in physical examination to look for evidence of irritation of the meninges.The test involves flexing the thighs at the hip, and the knees, at 90 degree angles, and assessing whether subsequent extension of the knee is painful (leading to resistance), in which case it is deemed positive. [1]
The pain felt on Kernig's sign is due to meningeal irritation caused by movement of the spinal cord within the meninges. [4] In the Brudzinski's neck sign, this movement with neck flexion is cancelled out by the flexion of the hip; much like two persons pulling on either side of a single rope. [1]
Meningism is a set of symptoms similar to those of meningitis but not caused by meningitis. [1] [3] [4] Whereas meningitis is inflammation of the meninges (membranes that cover the central nervous system), meningism is caused by nonmeningitic irritation of the meninges, usually associated with acute febrile illness, [1] [2] especially in children and adolescents. [2]
In a person with a positive Kernig's sign, pain limits passive extension of the knee. A positive Brudzinski's sign occurs when flexion of the neck causes involuntary flexion of the knee and hip. Although Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign are both commonly used to screen for meningitis, the sensitivity of these tests is limited.
Jolly's test: Friedrich Jolly: neurology: myasthenia gravis or Eaton–Lambert syndrome: electromyography test using repeated stimuli to show fatiguability in myasthenia Jones criteria: T. Duckett Jones: rheumatology: rheumatic fever: criteria used to diagnose rheumatic fever Kanavel's sign: Allen B. Kanavel: orthopedics, rheumatology
Woldemar Kernig, better known as Vladimir Mikhailovich Kernig (Latvian: Voldemārs Kernigs; Russian: Владимир Михайлович Керниг; 28 June 1840 – 18 April 1917) was a notable Russian and Baltic German internist and neurologist whose medical discoveries saved thousands of people with meningitis. He is best known for his ...
Kernig and Brudzinski signs may be elucidated with specific physical exam maneuvers, and can help diagnose meningitis at the bedside. [15] Most importantly however, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected via lumbar puncture (also known as spinal tap).
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea (CSF rhinorrhoea) refers to the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose (rhinorrhoea).It is typically caused by a basilar skull fracture, which presents complications such as infection.