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Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. Steel has been made for millennia, and was commercialized on a massive scale in the 1850s and 1860s, using the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes. Two major commercial processes are used.
The basic oxygen steel-making process is as follows: Molten pig iron (sometimes referred to as "hot metal") from a blast furnace is poured into a large refractory-lined container called a ladle . The metal in the ladle is sent directly for basic oxygen steelmaking or to a pretreatment stage where sulfur , silicon , and phosphorus are removed ...
Argonoxygen decarburization (AOD) is a process primarily used in stainless steel making and other high grade alloys with oxidizable elements such as chromium and aluminium. After initial melting the metal is then transferred to an AOD vessel where it will be subjected to three steps of refining; decarburization , reduction , and desulfurization .
The primary advantage of the early blast furnace was in large scale production and making iron implements more readily available to peasants. [26] Cast iron is more brittle than wrought iron or steel, which required additional fining and then cementation or co-fusion to produce, but for menial activities such as farming it sufficed.
The replacement of charcoal with coal in the steel-making process revolutionized the industry, and tied steelmaking to coal-mining areas. In the 1800s, making a ton of steel required a greater weight of coal than iron ore. Therefore, it was more economical to locate closer to the coal mines.
Integrated steel mill in the Netherlands.The two large towers are blast furnaces.. A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap.
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A process of historic importance is the Krupp-Renn. Developed in the 1930s, there were as many as 38 furnaces in 1945 which, although they only had a capacity of 1 Mt/year at the time, were installed all over the world. [20] This process was improved [nb 12] and inspired the German Krupp-CODIR [51] furnaces and the Japanese Kawasaki [52] and ...