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A three-way catalytic converter on a gasoline-powered 1996 Dodge Ram Simulation of flow inside a catalytic converter. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.
Carl D. Keith (left) and John J. Mooney at the award ceremony for the National Medal of Technology and Innovation for the invention, application and commercialization of the three-way catalytic converter (2003) The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act required significant reductions in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions.
[11] [14] The codes on catalytic converters identify the make, model and place of origin of catalytic converters, which in turn identify their value, due to variation in state emission laws. [ 11 ] [ 18 ] As an example, GD3 EA6 denotes a Toyota Prius manufactured between 2004 and 2009; [ 11 ] [ 14 ] at the peak of the PRP metal prices, its high ...
High surface area facilitates catalytic reaction or filtration. The open spaces in the cross-sectional area are 72 to 87% of the frontal area, so resistance to the flow of gases through the holes is low, which minimizes energy consumed forcing gases through the structure. The monolith is a substrate that supports a catalyst.
In catalytic converters used on automobiles, the combustion of leaded gasoline produces elemental lead, lead(II) oxide, lead(II) chloride, and lead(II) bromide. Lead alloys with the metals present in the catalyst, while lead oxides and halides coat the catalyst's surfaces, reducing the converter's ability to reduce NOx emissions.
Commercial selective catalytic reduction systems are typically found on large utility boilers, industrial boilers, and municipal solid waste boilers and have been shown to lower NO x emissions by 70-95%. [1] Applications include diesel engines, such as those found on large ships, diesel locomotives, gas turbines, and automobiles.