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Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of hemoglobin-related blood disorders that are typically inherited. [2] The most common type is known as sickle cell anemia. [2] Sickle cell anemia results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. [2]
The physiological effects of these variants can range from minor to severe. [3] Mutations can caused impaired production of hemoglobin (thalassemia) or produce structurally altered hemoglobins. Some hemoglobin variants, such as HbS which causes sickle-cell anemia, are responsible for severe diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies.
The widely used [21] rule calculating normal maximum ESR values in adults (98% confidence limit) is given by a formula devised in 1983 from a study of ≈1000 individuals over the age of 20: [22] The normal values of ESR in men is age (in years) divided by 2; for women, the normal value is age (in years) plus 10, divided by 2.
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cell. It is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit. Reference ranges for blood tests are 32 to 36 g/dL (320 to 360g/L), [1] or between 4.81 and 5.58 mmol/L.
A:Normal red blood cells are shown flowing freely in a blood vessel on the top of the diagram. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin. B:Demonstrates abnormal, sickled red blood cells blocking blood flow in a blood vessel (vaso-occlusive crisis). The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle ...
Normal levels range from 2.1-3.2%, but in the beta-thalassemia disorder, the levels increase to 3.5-6.0%. Additionally, individuals with beta-thalassemia exhibit a high red cell count and low hemoglobin levels. [3] Individuals that express lower levels of hemoglobin A2, have the a 0-thalassemia trait or homozygous gene for a +-thalassemia. [2]
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