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The upper first premolar is considered the pontic and the teeth prepared are abutments. Conventional bridges are bridges that are supported by full-coverage crowns , three-quarter crowns, post-retained crowns, onlays and inlays on the abutment teeth.
In health, the roots of teeth are entirely surrounded by and submerged in the alveolar bone of either the maxilla or the mandible, depending on whether the tooth in question is an upper or a lower tooth, up until the cementoenamel junction. Overlying the bone is the gingival soft tissue, which is, on average, about 1 millimeter in thickness. [2]
The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps. [6] The lower premolars and the upper second premolar usually have one root. The upper first usually has two roots, but can have just one root, notably in Sinodonts, and can sometimes have three roots. [7] [8] Premolars are unique to the permanent dentition.
The mandibular first premolar is the tooth located laterally from both the mandibular canines of the mouth but mesially from both mandibular second premolars. The function of this premolar is similar to that of canines in regard to tearing being the principal action during mastication. Mandibular first premolars have two cusps.
The maxillary teeth are the maxillary central incisors (teeth 8 and 9 in the diagram), maxillary lateral incisors (7 and 10), maxillary canines (6 and 11), maxillary first premolars (5 and 12), maxillary second premolars (4 and 13), maxillary first molars (3 and 14), maxillary second molars (2 and 15), and maxillary third molars (1 and 16).
Cementum is the only one of these that is a part of a tooth. Alveolar bone surrounds the roots of teeth to provide support and creates what is commonly called a "socket". Periodontal ligaments connect the alveolar bone to the cementum, and the gingiva is the surrounding tissue visible in the mouth. [37]
Only multirooted teeth have furcation. Therefore, upper first premolar, maxillary and mandibular molars may be involved. Upper premolars have one buccal and one palatal root. Maxillary molars have three roots, a mesio-buccal root, disto-buccal root and a palatal root. Mandibular molars have one mesial and one distal root, and so.
Carnassials are paired upper and lower teeth modified in such a way as to allow enlarged and often self-sharpening edges to pass by each other in a shearing manner. This adaptation is found in carnivorans, where the carnassials are the modified fourth upper premolar and the first lower molar. These teeth are also referred to as sectorial teeth. [1]