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Dopamine receptor D 2, also known as D 2 R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.After work from Paul Greengard's lab had suggested that dopamine receptors were the site of action of antipsychotic drugs, several groups, including those of Solomon H. Snyder and Philip Seeman used a radiolabeled antipsychotic drug to identify what is now known as the dopamine D 2 receptor. [5]
Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control. [1] Each pathway is a set of projection neurons, consisting of individual dopaminergic neurons.
D 2 is encoded by the Dopamine receptor D 2 gene , of which there are two forms: D 2 Sh (short) and D 2 Lh (long): The D 2 Sh form is pre-synaptically situated, having modulatory functions (viz., autoreceptors, which regulate neurotransmission via feedback mechanisms. It affects synthesis, storage, and release of dopamine into the synaptic ...
The D 2-like receptors [1] are a subfamily of dopamine receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine. The D 2-like subfamily consists of three G-protein coupled receptors that are coupled to G i /G o and mediate inhibitory neurotransmission, of which include D 2, D 3, and D 4. For more information, please see the respective main ...
The substantia nigra is located in the ventral midbrain of each hemisphere. It has two distinct parts, the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr). The pars compacta contains dopaminergic neurons from the A9 cell group that forms the nigrostriatal pathway that, by supplying dopamine to the striatum, relays information to the basal ganglia.
The motor functions of dopamine are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the substantia nigra that manufacture and release dopamine into the dorsal striatum. Inside the brain, dopamine plays important roles in executive functions , motor control , motivation , arousal , reinforcement , and reward , as well as lower-level functions ...
Medium spiny neurons have two primary phenotypes (characteristic types): D1-type MSNs of the direct pathway and D2-type MSNs of the indirect pathway. [2] [3] [4] Most striatal MSNs contain only D1-type or D2-type dopamine receptors, but a subpopulation of MSNs exhibit both phenotypes. [2] [3] [4]
The indirect pathway originates in the D2 subtype of the striatal medium spiny neuron, [2] which respond to the absence of continuous dopamine signal. The indirect pathway passes through the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia. [3]