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Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones are hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.Although the organs in which they are produced are relatively small, the effects of these hormones cascade throughout the body.
The hypothalamus has the function of regulating certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus produces the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin in its endocrine cells (left). These are released at nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland and then secreted into the systemic circulation. The hypothalamus releases tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary (right).
Schematic of the HPA axis (CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus (a part of the brain located below the thalamus), the pituitary gland (a ...
The anterior portion of the pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonads produce estrogen and testosterone. In oviparous organisms (e.g. fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds), the HPG axis is commonly referred to as the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis (HPGL-axis) in females.
The hypothalamus, pancreas, and thymus also function as endocrine glands, among other functions. (The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are organs of the neuroendocrine system . One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus—it is located in the brain adjacent to the pituitary gland—is to link the endocrine system to the nervous ...
Certain metabolic disorders, such as hemochromatosis (extra iron buildup in the body), can cause or contribute to testosterone deficiency by affecting pituitary or hypothalamic function. Alcohol ...
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: GnRH Peptide: hypothalamus: GnRH receptor → IP 3: pituitary gland: Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. 34 Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone: GHRH Peptide: hypothalamus: GHRH receptor → IP 3: pituitary gland: Release GH from anterior pituitary: 35 Hepcidin: HAMP Peptide: liver: ferroportin: inhibits ...