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Any fossils, including fossil shark teeth, are preserved in sedimentary rocks after falling from their mouth. [13] The sediment that the teeth were found in is used to help determine the age of the shark tooth due to the fossilization process. [15] Shark teeth are most commonly found between the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. [16]
Cosmopolitodus is an extinct genus of mackerel shark that lived between thirty and one million years ago during the late Oligocene to the Early Pleistocene epochs.Its type species is Cosmopolitodus hastalis, the broad-tooth mako (other common names include the extinct giant mako and broad-tooth white shark).
The teeth are also found in France, the Czech Republic, Canada, and Morocco. Given the small teeth, this species is considered a hunter of small prey. However, teeth marks on the bones of marine reptiles are evidence that these shark also fed on carrion. The body shape and structure of the trunk placoid scales indicate the ability to swim quickly.
Shark teeth are strong and made of enamel. Many sharks have 3 rows of teeth. These teeth are embedded in the gums, not the jaw. [10] Sharks are born with teeth that are constantly being replaced. Teeth are replaced every two weeks, approximately. [10] The shape of the teeth determine the diet of the shark.
North Atlantic sharks have 28–29 upper tooth rows and 26–27 lower tooth rows, while Southern Hemisphere sharks have 30–31 upper tooth rows and 27–29 lower tooth rows. [25] Each tooth has a strongly arched base and a nearly straight, awl-like central cusp, which is flanked by a pair of smaller cusplets in all but the smallest individuals.
The individual teeth are widely separated from each other in the tooth whorls. [16] The teeth themselves are of the cladodont variety; the bases of the teeth are broadest on the lingual side, and each support a single large cusp and two pairs of smaller accessory cusps for a total of five cusps. [ 16 ]
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Ptychodus was a large shark, previously estimated at 10 meters (33 feet) long based on extrapolation from teeth. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The subadult specimen with the largest vertebra showed that it could reach lengths of 4.3–7.07 m (14.1–23.2 ft), so a 10 m (33 ft) length is possible, but more analysis is required for verification.