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Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a non-malignant tumor defined histologically as inclusions of “osteoclast-like” multinucleated giant cells, hemosiderin, and macrophages. [1] This histology can present one of 2 clinically distinct ways. TGCT tumors often develop from the lining of joints (also known as synovial tissue).
Giant-cell tumor of the tendon sheath, also known as giant-cell synovioma, localized nodular tenosynovitis and localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor or TGCT [1] is a firm lesion, measuring 1 to 3 cm in diameter, and is most commonly attached to the tendons of the fingers, hands, and wrists, with a predilection for the flexor surfaces.
Malignancy in giant-cell tumor is uncommon and occurs in about 2% of all cases. However, if malignant degeneration does occur, it is likely to metastasize to the lungs. Giant-cell tumors are normally benign, [1] with unpredictable behavior. [2] It is a heterogeneous tumor composed of three different cell populations.
A localized cancer that has not extended beyond the margins of the organ involved can also be described as localized disease, while cancers that extend into other tissues are described as invasive. Tumors that are non-hematologic in origin but extend into the bloodstream or lymphatic system are known as metastatic. [citation needed]
This description is based on the observations that the cysts occur close to tendons and joints. The microscopic anatomy of the cyst resembles that of tenosynovial tissue. The fluid is similar in composition to synovial fluid. Dye injected into the joint frequently ends up in the cyst.
Infectious tenosynovitis in 2.5% to 9.4% of all hand infections. Kanavel's cardinal signs are used to diagnose infectious tenosynovitis. They are: tenderness to touch along the flexor aspect of the finger, fusiform enlargement of the affected finger, the finger being held in slight flexion at rest, and severe pain with passive extension.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Back skin, 65-year-old man. MPNST. Symptoms may include: Swelling in the extremities (arms or legs), also called peripheral edema; the swelling often is painless. Difficulty in moving the extremity that has the tumor, including a limp. Soreness localized to the area of the tumor or in the extremity.
A nerve sheath tumor is a type of tumor of the nervous system (nervous system neoplasm) which is made up primarily of the myelin surrounding nerves.Nerve sheath tumors can be benign or malignant, and may affect both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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