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The Twaddell scale is a hydrometer scale used for measuring the specific gravity of liquids relative to water. On this scale, a specific gravity of 1.000 is reported as 0, and a specific gravity of 2.000 is reported as 200. [1]
A NASA worker using a hydrometer to measure the brine density of a salt evaporation pond. Modern hydrometers usually measure specific gravity but different scales were (and sometimes still are) used in certain industries. Examples include:
A United States Navy Aviation boatswain's mate tests the specific gravity of JP-5 fuel. Relative density, also called specific gravity, [1] [2] is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.
The hydrometer method is a standard technique for directly measuring API gravity of petroleum and petroleum products. [5] This method is based on the principle of buoyancy and utilizes a specially calibrated hydrometer to determine the API gravity of a liquid sample. [6] The procedure typically involves the following steps:
Before standardization on specific gravity around the time of World War II the Baumé scale was generally used in industrial chemistry and pharmacology for the measurement of density of liquids. Today the Baumé scale is still used in various industries such as sugar beet processing , ophthalmics, starch industry, winemaking, industrial water ...
As specific gravity was the basis for the Balling, Brix and Plato tables, dissolved sugar content was originally estimated by measurement of specific gravity using a hydrometer or pycnometer. In modern times, hydrometers are still widely used, but where greater accuracy is required, an electronic oscillating U-tube meter may be employed.