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In addition to indicating that a preceding vowel is a long vowel, a silent e when it immediately follows a c or g also indicates that the c is a soft c and the g is a soft g . For example: Măc > mācɇ (/ ˈ m æ k / → / ˈ m eɪ s /) stăg > stāgɇ (/ ˈ s t æ ɡ / → / ˈ s t eɪ dʒ /)
For example, if a burst of static cuts off the start of an English-language utterance of the letter J, it may be mistaken for A or K. In the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet known as the ICAO (or NATO) phonetic alphabet, the sequence J–A–K would be pronounced Juliett–Alfa–Kilo.
However, rules to predict spelling from pronunciation have a higher failure rate. [100] Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a spelling reform to realign the writing with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system.
The spelling alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified international military documents. [3] The NATO alphabet appeared in some United States Air Force Europe publications during the Cold War. A particular example was the Ramstein Air Base Telephone Directory, published between 1969 and 1973 (currently out of print).
Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...
In Old English, k and g were not silent when preceding n . Cognates in other Germanic languages show that the k was probably a voiceless velar plosive in Proto-Germanic . For example, the initial k is not silent in words such as German Knecht which is a cognate of knight , Knoten which is a cognate of knot , etc.