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The transfer-matrix method is a method used in optics and acoustics to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified medium; a stack of thin films. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is, for example, relevant for the design of anti-reflective coatings and dielectric mirrors .
As one example, if there is free space between the two planes, the ray transfer matrix is given by: = [], where d is the separation distance (measured along the optical axis) between the two reference planes.
In optics, optical path length (OPL, denoted Λ in equations), also known as optical length or optical distance, is the length that light needs to travel through a vacuum to create the same phase difference as it would have when traveling through a given medium.
Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. The simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays:
In optics and especially telescope making, sagitta or sag is a measure of the glass removed to yield an optical curve. It is approximated by the formula It is approximated by the formula S ( r ) ≈ r 2 2 × R {\displaystyle S(r)\approx {\frac {r^{2}}{2\times R}}} ,
In fiber-optic communications beams with an M 2 close to 1 are required for coupling to single-mode optical fiber. Laser machine shops care a lot about the M 2 parameter of their lasers because the beams will focus to an area that is M 4 times larger than that of a Gaussian beam with the same wavelength and D4σ waist width; in other words, the ...
where the optic axis is presumed to lie in the z direction, and () is the sag—the z-component of the displacement of the surface from the vertex, at distance from the axis. If α 1 {\displaystyle \alpha _{1}} and α 2 {\displaystyle \alpha _{2}} are zero, then R {\displaystyle R} is the radius of curvature and K {\displaystyle K} is the conic ...
It is used in optics applied to light waves, in antenna theory applied to radio waves, and in acoustics applied to sound waves. The colloquial use of the term "resolution" sometimes causes confusion; when an optical system is said to have a high resolution or high angular resolution, it means that the perceived distance, or actual angular ...