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They use enzymes to break down macromolecules, which are recycled or disposed. [7] As of 2012, there are 50 lysosomal storage diseases, and more are still being discovered. [8] [7] These disorders arise because of genetic mutations that prevent the production of certain enzymes used in the lysosomes. [7]
Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (specifically the ALDH2 enzyme [3]), causing many of the effects of a hangover to be felt immediately following alcohol consumption.
Acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) also often called cholinesterase inhibitors, [1] inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, [2] thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ...
Cephalosporins, but only these with a methylthiotetrazole side chain or a methylthiodioxotriazine ring; thought to be due to common N-methylthiotetrazole metabolite, which is similar in structure to disulfiram. [8] Such drugs include cefamandole, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefotetan, ceftriaxone, and latamoxef (moxalactam).
The most common uses for enzyme inhibitors are as drugs to treat disease. Many of these inhibitors target a human enzyme and aim to correct a pathological condition. For instance, aspirin is a widely used drug that acts as a suicide inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase enzyme. [95]
Methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride), the antidote indicated for drug-induced methemoglobinemia on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, among a plethora of other off-label uses, is a highly potent, reversible MAO inhibitor. [53] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved these MAOIs to treat depression: [54]
Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. [3] Other side effects include perianal irritation and high blood uric acid. [5] The enzymes are from pigs. [5] Use is believed to be safe during pregnancy. [5] The components are digestive enzymes similar to those normally produced by the human pancreas. [6]
Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as treatments for a diverse group of different diseases, including central nervous system disorders such as major depressive disorder (clinical depression), anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, [7] [8] Parkinson's disease, [9] Alzheimer's disease, [10] multiple sclerosis, [11] attention deficit ...