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Specific to public health policy, a determinant is a health risk that is general, abstract, related to inequalities, and difficult for an individual to control. [2] [3] [4] For example, poverty is known to be a determinant of an individual's standard of health. Risk factors may be used to identify high-risk people.
Another definition of risk is "the probable frequency and probable magnitude of future losses". This definition also focuses on the probability of future loss whereby the degree of vulnerability to hazard represents the level of risk on a particular population or environment. The threats posed by a hazard are:
When used as part of an aviation hazard analysis, a "Likelihood" is a specific probability. It is the joint probability of a hazard occurring, that hazard causing or contributing to an aircraft accident or incident, and the resulting degree of loss or harm falling within one of the defined severity categories.
The outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard. A risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome may occur and the severity of the harm involved. [108] "Hazard", "risk", and "outcome" are used in other fields to describe e.g., environmental damage or damage to equipment.
Risk assessment determines possible mishaps, their likelihood and consequences, and the tolerances for such events. [1] [2] The results of this process may be expressed in a quantitative or qualitative fashion. Risk assessment is an inherent part of a broader risk management strategy to help reduce any potential risk-related consequences. [1] [3]
A root cause analysis identifies the set of multiple causes that together might create a potential accident. Root cause techniques have been successfully borrowed from other disciplines and adapted to meet the needs of the system safety concept, most notably the tree structure from fault tree analysis, which was originally an engineering technique. [7]
Risk is the lack of certainty about the outcome of making a particular choice. Statistically, the level of downside risk can be calculated as the product of the probability that harm occurs (e.g., that an accident happens) multiplied by the severity of that harm (i.e., the average amount of harm or more conservatively the maximum credible amount of harm).
RR < 1 means that the risk of the outcome is decreased by the exposure, which is a "protective factor" RR > 1 means that the risk of the outcome is increased by the exposure, which is a "risk factor" As always, correlation does not mean causation; the causation could be reversed, or they could both be caused by a common confounding variable ...