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Then the user chooses a spine size that will match the document. Standard sizes are 4.8 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 in) (for 16 sheets of 20# paper) up to 51 mm (2 in) (for 425 sheets). Spine lengths are generally 280 mm (11 in) to match the length of letter-size paper.
A standard 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 11 inches (220 mm × 280 mm) sheet of paper has three holes with spacing of 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (110 mm). There is a variant for half-letter size pages ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches or 220 mm × 140 mm), whose three rings are 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (70 mm) apart.
Manila rope will rot after a period of time when exposed to saltwater. Manila hemp rope was previously the favoured variety of rope used for executions by hanging, both in the U.K. and USA. Usually 3/4 to 1 inch diameter, boiled prior to use to take out any overelasticity. It was also used in the 19th century as whaling line. [48]
[3] In 1843, paper maker Mark Hollingsworth and his sons John and Lyman obtained a patent "to manufacture paper from manila fibers" of abacá leaves. [5] This family company became Hollingsworth & Vose. [5] The Guggenheim claims that this creation of manila paper was a way "of recycling manila rope, previously used on ships". [3]
A test of "single" standard rope involves tying an 80 kg (176 pound) weight to the end of a length of rope. This weight is then dropped 5 meters (16½ feet) on 2.7 meters (9 feet) of rope, with the rope running over a rounded surface simulating that of a standard carabiner. This process is repeated until the rope breaks.
The Guggenheim claims that this creation of manila paper was a way "of recycling manila rope, previously used on ships." [8] The resulting paper was strong, water-resistant, and flexible. [8] Manila paper was originally made out of old Manila hemp ropes which were extensively used on ships, having replaced true hemp.
A one-half-inch (12.7 mm) diameter rope would have any accompanying fid 10.5–11 in (266.7–279.4 mm) in length with hash-marks denoting the long and short fid measurements. A short fid is 1 ⁄ 3 a fid length and a long fid is 2 ⁄ 3 the overall fid length.
The holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centers 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (108 mm) apart. It requires paper formats that are at least 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (241 mm) high. There is a variant for half-letter size pages (8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches or 220 mm × 140 mm), whose three holes are 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (70 mm) apart.