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Even after several measures to ban slavery in the late 19th century, the practice continued largely unaffected into the early 20th century. As late as 1908, female slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. Sexual slavery was a central part of the Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution. [216] [217]
19th-century engraving depicting an Arab slave-trading caravan transporting black African slaves across the Sahara Desert. In the earliest known records, slavery is treated as an established institution. The Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BC), for example, prescribed death for anyone who helped a slave escape or who sheltered a fugitive. [289]
In the 19th century, proponents of slavery often defended the institution as a "necessary evil". At that time, it was feared that emancipation of black slaves would have more harmful social and economic consequences than the continuation of slavery.
Estimates of the total number of black slaves moved from sub-Saharan Africa to the Arab world range from 6 to 10 million, and the trans-Saharan trade routes conveyed a significant number of this total, with one estimate tallying around 7.2 million slaves crossing the Sahara from the mid-7th century until the 20th century when it was abolished.
During Reconstruction and the late 19th century, Black people became major actors in the South. The Dunning School of white scholars generally cast Black people as pawns of white Carpetbaggers during this period, but W. E. B. Du Bois , a Black historian, and Ulrich B. Phillips , a white historian, studied the African-American experience in depth.
John Miller, in his "A Twentieth Century History of Erie County, Pennsylvania," published in 1909, described Bristo Logan's enslavement, "according to all accounts," as "unlike what real slavery ...
By 1830, there were 3,775 black (including mixed-race) slaveholders in the South who owned a total of 12,760 slaves, which was a small percentage of a total of over two million slaves then held in the South. [6] 80% of the black slaveholders were located in Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia and Maryland.
[1] [2] Organized political and social movements to abolish slavery began in the mid-18th century. [3] The sentiments of the American Revolution and the promise of equality evoked by the Declaration of Independence stood in contrast to the status of most black people, either free or enslaved, in the colonies.