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Turner syndrome (TS), commonly known as 45,X, or 45,XO, [note 1] is a chromosomal disorder in which cells have only one X chromosome or are partially missing an X chromosome (sex chromosome monosomy) leading to the complete or partial deletion of the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1, PAR2) in the affected X chromosome.
Almost all women with regular Turner syndrome are sterile, but those with 47,XXX cell lines are typically fertile. [29] Although women with trisomy X have lower IQs than the general population and women with Turner syndrome do not, intellectual disability does not appear to be more common in the mosaic than for non-mosaic Turner's. [30]
This includes patients with Turner Syndrome (45,X or 45,X0) and Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) even though they do not generally present with atypical genitals. XX, Sex reversal : consist of two groups of patients with male phenotypes, the first with translocated Sex-determining region Y protein (SRY) and the second with no SRY gene.
Finally, an unknown number of genetic mutations cause a state of subfertility, which in addition to other factors such as environmental ones may manifest as frank infertility. Chromosomal abnormalities causing female infertility include Turner syndrome. Oocyte donation is an alternative for patients with Turner syndrome. [36]
One disorder that can develop is primary maternal preoccupation. This psychological trauma can develop as a response to early pregnancy loss. Anxiety can also develop as a result of a miscarriage. [9] Women describe the medical treatment that they receive contributed their distress. [5] Intrusive thoughts can develop after the loss.
[citation needed] An example of trisomy in humans is Down syndrome, which is a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21; the disorder is therefore also called "trisomy 21". [7] An example of monosomy in humans is Turner syndrome, where the individual is born with only one sex chromosome, an X. [8]
Turner syndrome is usually not diagnosed until a delayed onset of puberty with Müllerian structures found to be in infantile stage. [4] Physical phenotypic characteristics include short stature, dysmorphic features and lymphedema at birth. [23] Comorbidities include heart defects, vision and hearing problems, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone ...
Other risks cannot be modified and can't be changed. Risks can be firmly tied to miscarriages and others are still under investigation. In addition, there are those circumstances and treatments that have not been found effective in preventing miscarriage. When a woman keeps having miscarriages, infertility is present. [1]