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  2. Ilustrado - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustrado

    The Ilustrados (Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite", [1] "learned" [2] or "enlightened ones" [3]) constituted the Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. [4] [5] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.

  3. Graciano López Jaena - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graciano_López_Jaena

    Of these three ilustrados, López Jaena was the first to arrive in Spain and may have begun the Propaganda Movement, which advocated the reform of the then-Spanish colony of the Philippines and which eventually led to the armed Philippine Revolution that begun in Manila in 1896. The Propaganda Movement was a key step towards a Philippine ...

  4. Caroline Hau - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Hau

    Caroline Sy Hau (born 30 August 1969) is a Chinese-Filipino author [1] and academic [2] known for her work on Filipino culture and literature and for her books The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation and Region In and Beyond the Philippines [3] and Necessary Fictions: Philippine Literature and the Nation, 1946—1980.

  5. Philippine Society and Revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Society_and...

    The Philippines began to transition towards a semi-feudal economy. [3]: 24 Greater economic opportunities resulted in the rise of the ilustrado class of intellectuals. Discontent at the colonial regime resulted in the Propaganda Movement, headed by Jose Rizal and other ilustrados, but ultimately failed to secure reforms. [3]: 26

  6. Filipino nationalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_nationalism

    According to Filipino historian Renato Constantino, cultural imperialism has hindered nation-building in the Philippines, leading to a loss of historical continuity and a Filipino sense of collective becoming. The emphasis on modernity and progress, often influenced by Western ideas, has contributed to a "colonial mentality" that perpetuates ...

  7. History of the Philippines (1565–1898) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines...

    The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821.

  8. La Ilustración Filipina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ilustración_Filipina

    La Ilustración Filipina published its first issue on November 8, 1891, made of eight pages and a four-page cover, in two columns in cuarto.. La Ilustración Filipina must not be confused with Ilustración Filipina, a highly regarded illustrated magazine also published in the Philippines during the period between March 1, 1859, and December 15, 1860.

  9. Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Virgenes_Cristianas...

    The show, presenting the best artworks of Filipino artists, was held in conjunction with the In The Eye Of Modernity exhibit that presented neo-realist artworks from Manila's Ateneo Art Gallery. Both exhibitions marked the 40-year anniversary of diplomatic ties between the Philippines and Singapore .