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Diagram illustrating skull elements from Irritator (bottom) and other spinosaurids, comparing the relative positions of the external nares, or bony nostrils, (labeled e.n.) In 1998, Sereno and colleagues defined two subfamilies within the Spinosauridae based on craniodental (skull and tooth) characteristics.
The back edges of the external nares are formed by the upwards-directed processes of the maxillae, gracile, triradiate bones behind the premaxillae. [3] While initially interpreted as not forming part of the narial border in the holotype, [2] further specimens revealed that the nasals, which run along the top of the snout, do participate in the ...
Most species of birds have external nares located somewhere on their beak. The nares are two holes—circular, oval or slit-like in shape—which lead to the nasal cavities within the bird's skull, and thus to the rest of the respiratory system. [10] (p375) In most bird species, the nares are located in the basal third of the upper mandible.
Traditionally, Spinosauridae is divided into two subfamilies: Spinosaurinae, which contains the genera Icthyovenator, Irritator, Oxalaia, Sigilmassasaurus and Spinosaurus, is marked by unserrated, straight teeth, and external nares which are further back on the skull than in baryonychines, [10] [51] and Baryonychinae, which contains the genera ...
The external nares (singular: external naris, also: bony nostrils [55]) are a pair of external skull openings for the nostrils. Important landmarks in the skull, they are primitively located in front of the antorbital fenestra near the tip of the snout.
An external anatomical structure of a bird's head, roughly corresponding with the "nose" of a mammal, that is used for eating, grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. Although beaks vary significantly in size and shape from species to species, their underlying structures follow a ...
The external nares (nostril holes) are elongated, much larger than the antorbital fenestrae (a hole on the side of the skull). Many aetosaurs have a small knob on the premaxilla which projects into the nares from below.
Labeled skull diagram of the related and possibly synonymus Spinosaurus In 2017, a phylogenetic analysis by the Brazilian palaeontologists Marcos Sales and Cesar Schultz concluded that Oxalaia was more closely related to African spinosaurines than to Brazilian spinosaurines like Angaturama , as indicated by a wider snout and the lack of a ...