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Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class in the genus Borrelia, and is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans. [1] [2] Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.
Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a tick-borne disease caused by species of Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes. [4] [9] [10] The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash, known as erythema migrans (EM), which appears at the site of the tick bite about a week afterwards. [1]
B. burgdorferi is a microaerophilic organism, requiring little oxygen to survive. Unlike most bacteria, B. burgdorferi does not use iron, hence avoiding the difficulty of acquiring iron during infection. [48] It lives primarily as an extracellular pathogen.
All species that cause Lyme disease are referred to collectively as B. burgdorferi sensu lato, [10] while B. burgdorferi itself is specified as B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. [10] [21] B. burgdorferi was previously believed to be the only species to cause Lyme disease in the US, but B. bissettiae and a new species called B. mayonii cause Lyme ...
A pressure group called the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS) [29] says that the persistence of B. burgdorferi may be responsible for manifestations of chronic Lyme disease symptoms. False chronic Lyme disease diagnoses are frequently justified due to non-specific symptoms that are common in the population. [2]
However, B. mayonii also has additional symptoms differentiating it from B. burgdorferi, such as nausea, vomiting, macular rash, and neurological symptoms. [1] To identify infection with B. mayonii , blood smears , slides with blood samples on them for use with a microscope , [ 9 ] may be used.
But on an individual level, influenza B infections have the potential to become just as severe. When it comes to type A versus type B flu, the timing isn't always predictable, Liu says.
Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia endemic to parts of Eurasia where it is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease.It is transmitted by hard-bodied ticks of the Ixodes genus (Ixodes ricinus in Europe, and Ixodes persulcatus in temperate regions of Asia), infecting various wild mammals in nature.