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  2. P–P plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P–P_plot

    As an example, if the two distributions do not overlap, say F is below G, then the P–P plot will move from left to right along the bottom of the square – as z moves through the support of F, the cdf of F goes from 0 to 1, while the cdf of G stays at 0 – and then moves up the right side of the square – the cdf of F is now 1, as all points of F lie below all points of G, and now the cdf ...

  3. Hydraulic diameter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_diameter

    P is the wetted perimeter of the cross-section. More intuitively, the hydraulic diameter can be understood as a function of the hydraulic radius R H, which is defined as the cross-sectional area of the channel divided by the wetted perimeter. Here, the wetted perimeter includes all surfaces acted upon by shear stress from the fluid.

  4. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value [note 1] is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct. [2] [3] A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis.

  5. Manning formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_formula

    P is the wetted perimeter (L). For channels of a given width, the hydraulic radius is greater for deeper channels. In wide rectangular channels, the hydraulic radius is approximated by the flow depth. The hydraulic radius is not half the hydraulic diameter as the name may suggest, but one quarter in the case of a full pipe. It is a function of ...

  6. Chézy formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chézy_formula

    The Chézy Formula is a semi-empirical resistance equation [1] [2] which estimates mean flow velocity in open channel conduits. [3] The relationship was conceptualized and developed in 1768 by French physicist and engineer Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798) while designing Paris's water canal system.

  7. Darcy friction factor formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae

    f stands for the Darcy friction factor. Its value depends on the flow's Reynolds number Re and on the pipe's relative roughness ε / D. The log function is understood to be base-10 (as is customary in engineering fields): if x = log(y), then y = 10 x. The ln function is understood to be base-e: if x = ln(y), then y = e x.

  8. Fisher's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher's_method

    Under Fisher's method, two small p-values P 1 and P 2 combine to form a smaller p-value.The darkest boundary defines the region where the meta-analysis p-value is below 0.05.. For example, if both p-values are around 0.10, or if one is around 0.04 and one is around 0.25, the meta-analysis p-value is around 0

  9. Volcano plot (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_plot_(statistics)

    A volcano plot is constructed by plotting the negative logarithm of the p value on the y axis (usually base 10). This results in data points with low p values (highly significant) appearing toward the top of the plot. The x axis is the logarithm of the fold change between the two conditions. The logarithm of the fold change is used so that ...