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Solid wood flooring is milled from a single piece of timber that is kiln or air dried before sawing. Depending on the desired look of the floor, the timber can be cut in three ways: flat-sawn, quarter-sawn, and rift-sawn.
Some adhesives, oils, and varnishes, will clog sandpaper and can even make sanding impossible. After the floor is prepared, the sanding begins. The first cut is done with coarse-grit sandpaper to remove old coatings and to make the floor flat. The best method when using a drum sander is to start out with a lower grit belt sandpaper.
The hardness of aluminum oxide can made these floors particularly difficult and costly to refinish, to the extent that most engineered wood floors do not get refinished, even if they can be. Hardwood floors can be repaired by spot-sanding and refinishing, plank replacement, or a refinish of the full floor.
Lumber can be quickly flat-cut with a side-by-side set of mechanical saws. [3] A slower but sturdier method involves passing the log back and forth over a single saw. To reduce buckling that may occur along the middle of flat-cut boards, the initial cut may be offset from the diameter, and resulting sections cut further before cutting the flitches.
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Quartersawn boards can also be produced by cutting a board from one flat face of the quarter, flipping the wedge onto the other flat face to cut the next board, and so on. The William Ritter Lumber Company (1890–1960), famous for its Appalachian oak flooring and other products, used a modified technique to reduce waste:
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