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Symbols of Europe. A number of symbols of Europe have emerged since antiquity, notably the mythological figure of Europa . Several symbols were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s by the European Council. The European Communities created additional symbols for itself in 1985, which was to become inherited by the European Union (EU) in 1993.
Rise of nationalism in Europe. The rise of nationalism in Europe was stimulated by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. [1][2] American political science professor Leon Baradat has argued that “nationalism calls on people to identify with the interests of their national group and to support the creation of a state – a nation-state ...
Bust of Marianne sculpted by Théodore Doriot, in the French Senate. Marianne (pronounced [maŹjan]) has been the national personification of the French Republic since the French Revolution, as a personification of liberty, equality, fraternity and reason, as well as a portrayal of the Goddess of Liberty. Marianne is displayed in many places in ...
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA), officially known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA; Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann) and informally known as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary force that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent republic encompassing all of Ireland.
The aviator Matilde Moisant wearing a swastika square medallion in 1912. The symbol was popular as a good luck charm with early aviators. The discovery of the Indo-European language group in the 1790s led to a great effort by European archaeologists to link the pre-history of European people to the hypothesised ancient "Aryans" (variously referring to the Indo-Iranians or the Proto-Indo ...
Civic nationalism, otherwise known as democratic nationalism, is a form of nationalism that adheres to traditional liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights, and is not based on ethnocentrism. [1][2] Civic nationalists often defend the value of national identity by saying that individuals need it as a partial shared ...
Revolutionary Catalonia[1] (21 July 1936 – 8 May 1937) was the period in which the autonomous region of Catalonia in northeast Spain was controlled or largely influenced by various anarchist, communist, and socialist trade unions, parties, and militias of the Spanish Civil War era. Although the constitutional Catalan institution of self ...
A national symbol is a manifestation of a nation or community to the world, serving as a representation of their identity and values. It encompasses not only sovereign states but also nations and countries in a state of colonial or other forms of dependence, federal integration, or even ethnocultural communities that identify as a "nationality ...