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Mussolini was so familiar with Marxist literature that in his writings he would not only quote from well-known Marxist works but also from the relatively obscure works. [28] During this period Mussolini considered himself an "authoritarian communist" [29] and a Marxist and he described Karl Marx as "the greatest of all theorists of socialism." [30]
The Second Battle of the Aisne (also known as Nivelle Offensive) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle. [66] April 17–20 Western: Battle of the Hills (also known as Third battle of Champagne), a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne. April 19 Middle Eastern: Second Battle of Gaza.
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Top right: Benito Mussolini was the longest-serving prime minister in Italian history. Bottom left: Silvio Berlusconi was the longest-serving prime minister of the Italian Republic. Bottom right: Giorgia Meloni is the current prime minister of Italy as well as the first woman to hold the office.
Mussolini promised to revive Italy's status as a Great Power in Europe, carving out a "New Roman Empire". Mussolini promised that Italy would dominate the Mediterranean Sea. In propaganda, the Fascist government used the originally ancient Roman term "Mare Nostrum" (Latin for "Our Sea") to refer to the Mediterranean Sea.
In a famous speech in 1926, Mussolini called for fascist art that was "traditionalist and at the same time modern, that looks to the past and at the same time to the future". [9] Traditional symbols of Roman civilization were utilized by the fascists, particularly the fasces that symbolized unity, authority and the exercise of power. [85]
In March 1919, Benito Mussolini founded the first Italian Fasces of Combat (FIC) at the beginning of the so-called Red Biennium, a two-year long social conflict between the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the liberal and conservative ruling class. Mussolini suffered a defeat in the election of November 1919. [3] [further explanation needed]
The trains transporting the troops were covered in praise for and images of Mussolini. [159] From 26 July until 8 August, eight German divisions and one brigade were moved without Italian consent to northern and central Italy: the same troops that Hitler had denied to Mussolini two weeks before in Feltre. [154]