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where L′ is the scotopic luminance in cd m −2 and p is pupil area in mm 2. Although named "retinal illuminance" (and originally named "photon" by Troland), trolands do not measure the actual photon flux incident on the retina; that quantity depends on the specific wavelengths of light that constitute the luminance used in the calculation.
Many automated pupilometers can also function as a type of pupil response monitor by measuring pupil dilation in response to a visual stimulus.. In ophthalmology, a pupillary response to light is differentiated from a pupillary response to focus (i.e. pupils may constrict on near focus, as with the Argyll Robertson pupil) in the diagnosis of tertiary syphilis.
The pupil of the human eye can range in size from 2 mm to over 8 mm to adapt to the environment. The human eye can detect a luminance from 10 −6 cd/m 2, or one millionth (0.000001) of a candela per square meter to 10 8 cd/m 2 or one hundred million (100,000,000) candelas per square meter.
For 6/6 = 1.0 acuity, the size of a letter on the Snellen chart or Landolt C chart is a visual angle of 5 arc minutes (1 arc min = 1/60 of a degree), which is a 43 point font at 20 feet. [10] By the design of a typical optotype (like a Snellen E or a Landolt C), the critical gap that needs to be resolved is 1/5 this value, i.e., 1 arc min.
Most compact binoculars feature magnifications of 7× to 10×, and objective diameter sizes of a relatively modest 20 mm to 25 mm, resulting in small exit pupil sizes limiting low light suitability. Roof prism designs tend to be narrower and more compact than equivalent Porro prism designs.
The entrance pupil is typically about 4 mm in diameter, although it can range from as narrow as 2 mm (f /8.3) in diameter in a brightly lit place to 8 mm (f /2.1) in the dark as part of adaptation. In rare cases in some individuals are able to dilate their pupils even beyond 8 mm (in scotopic lighting, close to the physical limit of the iris.
The pupil gets wider in the dark and narrower in light. When narrow, the diameter be 1.5 to 4 millimeters. [4] In the dark it will be the same at first, but will approach the maximum distance for a wide pupil 3 to 8 mm. [4] However, in any human age group there is considerable variation in maximal pupil size. For example, at the peak age of 15 ...
Web apps are used by a variety of online sellers of eyeglasses where an object of known size, such as a credit card, is needed to assist (size reference) the measurement process. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Some mobile apps have eliminated the need for a reference object to make accurate PD measurements by leveraging depth imaging and advanced algorithms now ...