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A shortening is an abbreviation formed by removing at least the last letter of a word (e.g. etc. and rhino), and sometimes also containing letters not present in the full form (e.g. bike). As a general rule, use a full point after a shortening that only exists in writing (e.g. etc.) but not for a shortening that is used in speech (e.g. rhino).
Reduction of a word to a single letter was common in both Greek and Roman writing. [3] In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context.
The Cut Spelling system also uses three substitution rules: [2] [3] The digraphs gh and ph become f when pronounced /f/. Examples: draught → draft, sulphur → sulfr, photograph → fotograf. The letter g is changed to j when pronounced /dʒ/ or /ʒ/. Examples: judge → juj, rouge → ruje. The combinations ig and igh are changed to y when ...
Basic texting abbreviations 8. BC. In texting terms, the second and third letters of the alphabet don’t refer to the time “before Christ.” “BC” is short for “because.”
The third case is a stylistic alternative (vertical instead of oblique) of the ligatured cursive sign abbreviating various common finals in Latin like -um, -us, or -io (Latin Extended-D, Unicode chart), found in several fonts, here Andron. The largest class of suspensions consists of single letters standing in for words that begin with that letter.
As some examples, the NYT Manual: Uses ' s for possessives even for a word/name ending in s; Gives rationales for many practices for which AP simply states a rule; Is strictly alphabetical and thus self-indexed, while AP has separate sections for sports and weather entries, and combines many entries under such terms as "weapons"
Used to indicate additions to a text after the signature of a letter. Example (in a letter format): "Sincerely, John Smith. PS Tell mother I say hello!" PPS post post scriptum "post-postscript" Used to indicate additions after a postscript. Sometimes extended to comical length with PPPS, PPPPS, and so on. q.d. quaque die "every day"
For example, NPST non-past is not listed, as it is composable from N-non-+ PST past. This convention is grounded in the Leipzig Glossing Rules. [2] Some authors use a lower-case n, for example n H for 'non-human'. [16] Some sources are moving from classical lative (LAT, -L) terminology to 'directional' (DIR), with concommitant changes in the ...