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Ethernet over twisted-pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer network. They are a subset of all Ethernet physical layers . Early Ethernet used various grades of coaxial cable , but in 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair .
10 Mbit/s over copper twisted pair cabling, star topology – evolved into 10BASE-T LattisNet UTP Proprietary (1987) 8P8C 100 m voice-grade 10 Mbit/s over copper twisted pair cabling, star topology – evolved into 10BASE-T 10BASE-T: 802.3i-1990 (14) 8P8C (IEC 60603-7) 100 m Cat-3: Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs).
The IEEE 802.3ch-2020 2.5GBASE-T1, 5GBASE-T1, and 10GBASE-T1 standards are derived from the IEEE 802.3bp-2016 1000BASE-T1 Ethernet over single twisted pair standard, and share very little in common with the similarly named 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standards at the PHY layer. 2.5GBASE-T1, 5GBASE-T1, and 10GBASE-T1 can run over a single twisted ...
Third generation Power over Ethernet with up to 100 W using four pairs in balanced–twisted-pair cabling (4PPoE), including 10GBASE-T, lower standby power and specific enhancements to support IoT applications (e.g. lighting, sensors, building automation). 802.3bu: 2016-12 Power over Data Lines (PoDL) for single twisted pair Ethernet
In 100BASE-T1 [8] the data is transmitted over a single copper pair, 3 bits per symbol, each transmitted as code pair using PAM3. It supports full-duplex transmission. The twisted-pair cable is required to support 66 MHz, with a maximum length of 15 m. No specific connector is defined.
The early generation of Ethernet standards had a maximum throughput of 10 Mbit/s. In 10BASE-X, the 10 represents its maximum throughput of 10 Mbit/s, BASE indicates its use of baseband transmission, and X indicates the type of medium used. Classic Ethernet includes coax, twisted pair and optical variants.
The terminology generally refers to variants of the Ethernet over twisted pair technology that use a female 8P8C port connection on a computer, or other network device.. The X refers to the fact that transmit wires on an MDI device must be connected to receive wires on an MDI-X device.
40GBASE-T is a port type for 4-pair balanced twisted-pair Cat.8 copper cabling up to 30 m defined in IEEE 802.3bq. [124] IEEE 802.3bq-2016 standard was approved by The IEEE-SA Standards Board on June 30, 2016. [125] It uses 16-level PAM signaling over four lanes at 3,200 MBd each, scaled up from 10GBASE-T.