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Due to geographical proximity, most of the early Christian critiques of Islam were associated with Eastern Christians. The Quran was not translated from Arabic into the Latin language until the 12th century, when the English Catholic priest Robert of Ketton made the Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete translation (Robert was active in the Diocese of Pamplona, not far removed from the Arabic-speakers in ...
Gillespie, P. (2007). Current issues in Indonesian Islam: Analysing the 2005 council of Indonesian Ulama Fatwa no.7 opposing pluralism, liberalism and secularism. Journal of Islamic Studies. 18(2), pp.202–240. Majelis Ulama Indonesia. (2005). Pluralisme, Liberalisme, Dan Sekularisme Agama. Himpunan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Nur Ichwan, M ...
While Christianity and Islam hold their recollections of Jesus's teachings as gospel and share narratives from the first five books of the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible), the sacred text of Christianity also includes the later additions to the Bible while the primary sacred text of Islam instead is the Quran. Muslims believe that al-Injīl ...
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation.. However, in the modern contexts of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, and Bangladesh, the religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal sha
Indonesian Ulema Council (Indonesian: Majelis Ulama Indonesia, Arabic: مجلس العلماء الإندونيسي, abbreviated MUI) is Indonesia's top Islamic scholars' body. MUI was founded in Jakarta on 26 July 1975 during the New Order era. [ 1 ]
Nahdlatul Ulama (Indonesian pronunciation: [nahˈdatʊl ʊˈlama], lit. ' Revival of the Ulama ' , NU ) is an Islamic organization in Indonesia . Its membership numbered over 40 million in 2023, [ 2 ] making it the largest Islamic organization in the world. [ 3 ]
According to Feldman (2008), under many Muslim caliphate states and later states ruled by sultans, the ulama were regarded as the guardians of Islamic law and prevented the Caliph from dictating legal results, with the ruler and ulama forming a sort of "separation of powers" in government. [38]
At the same time, Islam was also being seen as increasingly attractive. From 5,000 Muslims (mostly non-Karo) in Karoland in 1950, there were 30,000 in 1970. Although the Gereja Batak Karo Protestan (GBKP) is the largest Karo church there are also Catholic (33,000 members as of 1986) and several Pentecostalist denominations. [citation needed]