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Wireless tools for Linux is a collection of user-space utilities written for Linux kernel-based operating systems to support and facilitate the configuration of device drivers of wireless network interface controllers and some related aspects of networking using the Linux Wireless Extension.
In macOS, the ifconfig command functions as a wrapper to the IPConfiguration agent, and can control the BootP and DHCP clients from the command-line. Use of ifconfig to modify network settings in Mac OS X is discouraged, because ifconfig operates below the level of the system frameworks which help manage network configuration.
Free and open-source software portal; Tcptrace, a tool for analyzing the logs produced by tcpdump; EtherApe, a network mapping tool that relies on sniffing traffic; Ngrep, a tool that can match regular expressions within the network packet payloads; netsniff-ng, a free Linux networking toolkit; Wireshark, a GUI based alternative to tcpdump
sudo retains the user's invocation rights through a grace period (typically 5 minutes) per pseudo terminal, allowing the user to execute several successive commands as the requested user without having to provide a password again. [21] As a security and auditing feature, sudo may be configured to log each command run.
Snort is a free open source network intrusion detection system (IDS) and intrusion prevention system (IPS) [4] created in 1998 by Martin Roesch, founder and former CTO of Sourcefire. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Snort is now developed by Cisco , which purchased Sourcefire in 2013.
ethtool is the primary means in Linux kernel-based operating systems (primarily Linux and Android) for displaying and modifying the parameters of network interface controllers (NICs) and their associated device driver software from application programs running in userspace.
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack. Devices are designed to interact with each other over a conceptually simple wireless network.The definition of the network layers is based on the OSI model; although only the lower layers are defined in the standard, interaction with upper layers is intended, possibly using an IEEE 802.2 logical link control sublayer accessing the MAC through a convergence sublayer.
Source: [1] Node D is unaware of the ongoing data transfer between node A and node B. Node D has data to send to node C, which is in the transmission range of node B. D initiates the process by sending an RTS frame to node C. Node C has already deferred its transmission until the completion of the current data transfer between node A and node B (to avoid co-channel interference at node B).