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Vacuum systems usually consist of gauges, vapor jet and pumps, vapor traps and valves along with other extensional piping. A vessel that is operating under vacuum system may be any of these types such as processing tank, steam simulator, particle accelerator, or any other type of space that has an enclosed chamber to maintain the system in less than atmospheric gas pressure.
This resulted in publication of the popular "Handbook of Vacuum Science and Technology" by Academic Press, of which she is the lead co-editor. In 2002, the American Vacuum Society established the Dorothy M. and Earl S. Hoffman student award "to recognize and encourage excellence in continuing graduate studies in the sciences and technologies of ...
The predecessor to the vacuum pump was the suction pump. Dual-action suction pumps were found in the city of Pompeii. [2] Arabic engineer Al-Jazari later described dual-action suction pumps as part of water-raising machines in the 13th century.
The International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique, and Applications (IUVSTA) is a union of 35 science and technology national member societies that supports collaboration in vacuum science, technique and applications.
AVS: Science and Technology of Materials, Interfaces, and Processing [3] (formerly American Vacuum Society [4]) is a not-for-profit learned society founded in 1953 focused on disciplines related to materials, interfaces, and processing.
In its initial years, Edwards Vacuum imported vacuum equipment from Germany's Leybold. [2] [3] A freeze-drying method using vacuum chambers was patented in the 1930s. During World War II, the technology was further perfected and expanded to freeze-dry instant coffee, but also blood plasma and penicillin.
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A standard diode pump is a type of ion pump employed in high vacuum processes which contains only chemically active cathodes, in contrast to noble diode pumps. [9] Two sub-types may be distinguished: the sputter ion pumps and the orbitron ion pumps.