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The pater familias, also written as paterfamilias (pl.: patres familias), [1] was the head of a Roman family. [2] The pater familias was the oldest living male in a household, and could legally exercise autocratic authority over his extended family. The term is Latin for "father of the family
The Latin word adoptio refers broadly to "adoption", which was of two kinds: the transferral of potestas over a free person from one head of household to another; and adrogatio, when the adoptee had been acting sui iuris as a legal adult but assumed the status of unemancipated son for purposes of inheritance.
Ancient Romans placed the father at the head of the family. One definition of the term familia translates to, "the group of people who descend from the same pater," where pater means "father". [2]: 17 From this definition, a father and all his children are part of his familia, as are the children of his sons.
In Roman law, the term bonus pater familias ("good family father") refers to a standard of care, analogous to that of the reasonable man in the common law. [1] In Spanish law, the term used is a direct translation ("un buen padre de familia"), and used in the Spanish Código Civil. [2] It is also used in Latin American countries. [3]
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The last form of marriage, confarreatio, was the closest to modern marriage. Confarreatio was a religious ceremony that consisted of the bride and groom sharing bread in front of religious officials and other witnesses. [8] By the end of the second century CE, marriages sine manu were the standard form of marriage. [2]
The paterfamilias exercised his power within the domus, the "house" of his extended family, as master (dominus); [57] patriarchy was recognized in Roman law as a form of household-level governance. [ h ] The head of household was entitled to manage his dependents and to administer ad hoc justice to them with minimal oversight from the state.
The Roman family was one of the ways that the mos maiorum was passed along through the generations.. The mos maiorum (Classical Latin: [ˈmoːs majˈjoːrʊ̃]; "ancestral custom" [1] or "way of the ancestors"; pl.: mores, cf. English "mores"; maiorum is the genitive plural of "greater" or "elder") is the unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms.