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The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during the Raj. The first Punjabi printing press (using Gurmukhi font) was established through a Christian mission at Ludhiana in 1835, and the first Punjabi dictionary was published by Reverend J. Newton in ...
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. ' from the Shah's or king's mouth ', Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖ਼ੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.
Punjabi-Urdu Dictionary (Sachal Studios and the Punjabi Adabi Board, 2009) by Sardar Mohammad Khan. [19] [20] [21] A Punjabi-Urdu dictionary that covers 64 varieties of Punjabi over around 3,600 pages, containing idioms, riddles, and treatises related to Punjabi traditions and customs. [19] [22] The author is an ethnic Pathan. [22]
The dictionary was edited by the honorary director general of the board Maulvi Abdul Haq who had already been working on an Urdu dictionary since the establishment of the Urdu Dictionary Board, Karachi, in 1958. [1] [2] [3] Urdu Lughat consists of 22 volumes. In 2019, the board prepared a short concise version of the dictionary in 2 volumes.
The first Urdu translation of the Kural text was by Hazrat Suhrawardy, a professor of Urdu Department of Jamal Mohammad College, Tiruchirappalli. [1] It was published by Sahitya Academy in 1965, with a reprint in 1994. The translation is in prose and is not a direct translation from Tamil but based on English translations of the original.
Punjabi, [g] sometimes spelled Panjabi, [h] is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers.
There are two more vowels in Marathi, ॲ and ऑ, that respectively represent [æ], similar to the RP English pronunciation of a in act, and [ɒ], similar to the RP pronunciation of o in cot. These vowels are sometimes used in Hindi too, as in डॉलर dôlar ("dollar"). [52] IAST transliteration is not defined.
Farhang-e-Asifiya (Urdu: فرہنگ آصفیہ, lit. 'The Dictionary of Asif') is an Urdu-to-Urdu dictionary compiled by Syed Ahmad Dehlvi. [1] It has more than 60,000 entries in four volumes. [2] It was first published in January 1901 by Rifah-e-Aam Press in Lahore, present-day Pakistan. [3] [4]