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An opioid overdose is toxicity due to excessive consumption of opioids, such as morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to respiratory depression , a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia from slow and shallow breathing. [ 3 ]
Opioids, such as fentanyl, morphine, and oxycodone, are used to treat post-surgery pain and chronic pain. [6] Opioids work by affecting the brain cells and reducing the perception of pain. [7] Other side effects include euphoria, mood changes, and the clouding or complete loss of consciousness. [8]
Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, euphoria, nausea, dizziness, sweating, and constipation. [12] Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, and low blood pressure. [12] Morphine is highly addictive and prone to abuse. [12]
Activation of the μ-opioid receptor by an agonist such as morphine causes analgesia, sedation, slightly reduced blood pressure, itching, nausea, euphoria, decreased respiration, miosis (constricted pupils), and decreased bowel motility often leading to constipation. Some of these effects, such as analgesia, sedation, euphoria, itching and ...
Symptoms of overdose include respiratory depression, drowsiness leading to coma and sometimes to death, drooping of skeletal muscles, low heart rate, and decreasing blood pressure. At the hospital, individuals with hydromorphone overdose are provided supportive care, such as assisted ventilation to provide oxygen and gut decontamination using ...
Counterfeit pills have been linked to an increasing number of overdose deaths in recent years. Fake pills like oxycodone and Xanax can be laced with fentanyl. Overdose deaths from counterfeit ...
Prescription drug addiction is the chronic, repeated use of a prescription drug in ways other than prescribed for, including using someone else’s prescription. [3] [4] A prescription drug is a pharmaceutical drug that may not be dispensed without a legal medical prescription.
Most overdoses occur when drugs are ingested in combination with alcohol. [32] Drug overdose was the leading cause of injury death in 2013. Among people 25 to 64 years old, drug overdose caused more deaths than motor vehicle traffic crashes. There were 43,982 drug overdose deaths in the United States in 2013.