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Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) is a suite of libraries that allow a Linux system administrator to configure methods to authenticate users. It provides a flexible and centralized way to switch authentication methods for secured applications by using configuration files instead of changing application code. [1]
For local files, this is usually /etc/shadow on Linux and Unix systems, or /etc/master.passwd on BSD systems; each is readable only by root. (Root access to the data is considered acceptable since on systems with the traditional "all-powerful root" security model, the root user would be able to obtain the information in other ways in any case).
Authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) is a framework used to control and track access within a computer network.. Authentication is concerned with proving identity, authorization with granting permissions, accounting with maintaining a continuous and robust audit trail via logging.
Snare agents are also able to push logs over a unidirectional network in order to facilitate log transfer from networks of low classification to networks of higher classification. The Snare Server is an appliance, or software-only solution, that provides a variety of analysis tools and to facilitate the collection, analysis, reporting, and ...
To display and monitor the collected logs one needs to use a client application or access the log file directly on the system. The basic command line tools are tail and grep . The log servers can be configured to send the logs over the network (in addition to the local files).
It was adopted as the authentication framework of the Common Desktop Environment. As a stand-alone open-source infrastructure, PAM first appeared in Red Hat Linux 3.0.4 in August 1996 in the Linux PAM project. PAM is currently supported in the AIX operating system, DragonFly BSD, [2] FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, macOS, NetBSD and Solaris.
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lastlog is a program available on most Linux distributions.It formats and prints the contents of the last login log file, /var/log/lastlog (which is a usually a very sparse file), including the login name, port, and last login date and time.