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[1] [2] A related result, sometimes called the second Borel–Cantelli lemma, is a partial converse of the first Borel–Cantelli lemma. The lemma states that, under certain conditions, an event will have probability of either zero or one. Accordingly, it is the best-known of a class of similar theorems, known as zero-one laws.
Borel–Cantelli lemma; C. Covering lemma; ... Vitali covering lemma; W. Whitney covering lemma This page was last edited on 1 January 2018, at 13:47 (UTC) ...
This is a direct implication from the Borel–Cantelli lemma. If S n is a sum of n real independent random variables: = + + then S n converges almost surely if and only if S n converges in probability. The proof can be found in Page 126 (Theorem 5.3.4) of the book by Kai Lai Chung. [13]
In mathematics, the limit of a sequence of sets,, … (subsets of a common set ) is a set whose elements are determined by the sequence in either of two equivalent ways: (1) by upper and lower bounds on the sequence that converge monotonically to the same set (analogous to convergence of real-valued sequences) and (2) by convergence of a sequence of indicator functions which are themselves ...
Proofs of Borel's lemma can be found in many text books on analysis, including Golubitsky & Guillemin (1974) and Hörmander (1990), from which the proof below is taken. Note that it suffices to prove the result for a small interval I = (− ε , ε ), since if ψ ( t ) is a smooth bump function with compact support in (− ε , ε ) equal ...
Proof: We will prove this statement using the portmanteau lemma, part A. First we want to show that (X n, c) converges in distribution to (X, c). By the portmanteau lemma this will be true if we can show that E[f(X n, c)] → E[f(X, c)] for any bounded continuous function f(x, y). So let f be such arbitrary bounded continuous function.
In probability theory, Kolmogorov's zero–one law, named in honor of Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, specifies that a certain type of event, namely a tail event of independent σ-algebras, will either almost surely happen or almost surely not happen; that is, the probability of such an event occurring is zero or one.
The concept of a normal number was introduced by Émile Borel . Using the Borel–Cantelli lemma , he proved that almost all real numbers are normal, establishing the existence of normal numbers. Wacław Sierpiński ( 1917 ) showed that it is possible to specify a particular such number.