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The term dialectic owes much of its prestige to its role in the philosophies of Socrates and Plato, during the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Aristotle said that it was the pre-Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented dialectic, of which the dialogues of Plato are examples of the Socratic dialectical method. [4]
For example, Michael Maier stresses that the union of opposites is the aim of the alchemical work. Or, according to Paracelsus ' pupil, Gerhard Dorn , the highest grade of the alchemical coniunctio consisted in the union of the total man with the unus mundus ("one world").
The term "antithesis" in rhetoric goes back to the 4th century BC, for example Aristotle, Rhetoric, 1410a, in which he gives a series of examples. An antithesis can be a simple statement contrasting two things, using a parallel structure: I defended the Republic as a young man; I shall not desert her now that I am old. (Cicero, 2nd Philippic, 2 ...
Hermeneutics – the theoretical underpinnings of interpreting texts, usually religious or literary. Heteroglossia – the use of a variety of voices or styles within one literary work or context. Homeoteleuton – a figure of speech where adjacent or parallel words have similar endings inside a verse, a sentence. Authors often use it to evoke ...
Economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises wrote a critique of Marxist materialism which he published as a part of his 1957 work Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution. H. B. Acton described Marxism as "a philosophical farrago". [59] Max Eastman argued that dialectical materialism lacks a psychological basis. [60]
The main consensus among dialecticians is that dialectics do not violate the law of contradiction of formal logic, although attempts have been made to create a paraconsistent logic. [ 3 ] Some Soviet philosophers argued that the materialist dialectic could be seen in the mathematical logic of Bertrand Russell ; however, this was criticized by ...
The goal of a dialectic process is to merge point and counterpoint (thesis and antithesis) into a compromise or other state of agreement via conflict and tension (synthesis). "Synthesis that evolves from the opposition between thesis and antithesis." [2] Examples of dialectic process can be found in Plato's Republic.
In the first place, Marx and Tillich -- serious Hegel scholars -- both attribute thesis-antithesis-synthesis dialectics to Hegel and use Hegel's thesis-antithesis-synthesis format in their own dialectics. Wheat also says Hegel uses thesis-antithesis-synthesis dialectics, and he provides many examples.