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Napoleon II (Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte; 20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832) was the disputed Emperor of the French for a few weeks in 1815. He was the son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Napoleon II had been Prince Imperial of France and King of Rome since birth.
Marie Louise's son by Napoleon, then known as "Franz", was given the title Duke of Reichstadt in 1818. [85] Franz lived at the Austrian court, where he was shown great affection by his grandfather, but was constantly undermined by Austrian ministers and nationalists, who did their best to sideline him to become an irrelevance.
Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France—descendants of Napoleon I and his brothers, rejecting all heads of state 1815–48, and since 1870. Jacobite claimants to the throne of France —descendants of King Edward III of England and thus his claim to the French throne [ broken anchor ] (renounced by Hanoverian King George III upon union ...
Napoleon I 1769–1821 Emperor of the French r. 1804–1814, 1815: Joséphine de Beauharnais 1763–1814: Alexandre de Beauharnais 1760–1794: Louis Bonaparte 1778–1846 King of Holland: Napoleon II 1811–1832 Emperor of the French r. 1815 (disputed) Hortense de Beauharnais 1783–1837: Napoleon III 1808–1873 Emperor of the French r. 1852 ...
His first son, Francis II, died in his minority. His second son, Charles IX, had no legitimate sons to inherit. Following the premature death of his fourth son Hercule François and the assassination of his third son, the childless Henry III, France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne.
The Second Republic elected as its president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, son of Napoleon I's brother Louis Bonaparte. President Bonaparte overthrew the Republic by self coup on 2 December 1851; exactly one year later, following a plebiscite, he converted himself into an Emperor, Napoleon III —considering the brief reign of "Napoleon II" in ...
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 he had abdicated in favour of his young son, but had instead been replaced by the restored Bourbon monarchy of Louis XVIII. The younger Napoleon was taken to Vienna (ruled over by his grandfather Francis I of Austria) where he became known as the Duke of Reichstadt. [2]
Napoleon had originally intended to place his brother Joseph on the Italian throne and then, after Joseph's refusal, his nephew Napoléon Charles, the son of Louis Bonaparte and Eugène's sister, Hortense. However, both Joseph and Louis refused, so Napoleon placed the Iron Crown upon his own head instead. During the coronation, Napoleon handed ...