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  2. Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_theorem_on_sums_of...

    Albert Girard was the first to make the observation, characterizing the positive integers (not necessarily primes) that are expressible as the sum of two squares of positive integers; this was published in 1625. [2] [3] The statement that every prime p of the form + is the sum of two squares is sometimes called Girard's theorem. [4]

  3. Banach–Tarski paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach–Tarski_paradox

    "Can a ball be decomposed into a finite number of point sets and reassembled into two balls identical to the original?" The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in set-theoretic geometry, which states the following: Given a solid ball in three-dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets, which can then be put back together in a different ...