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[2] [3] Subsequent work has derived the model under other assumptions such as scramble competition, [4] within-year resource limited competition [5] or even as the outcome of source-sink Malthusian patches linked by density-dependent dispersal. [6] [7] The Ricker model is a limiting case of the Hassell model [5] which takes the form
Density and contour plot of a Bivariate Gaussian Distribution Density and contour plot of two Normal marginals joint with a Gumbel copula. Sklar's theorem, named after Abe Sklar, provides the theoretical foundation for the application of copulas. [5] [6] Sklar's theorem states that every multivariate cumulative distribution function
In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the ...
Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.
In microeconomics, economies of density are cost savings resulting from spatial proximity of suppliers or providers. Typically higher population densities allow synergies in service provision leading to lower unit costs. [1] If large economies of density exist there is an incentive for firms to concentrate and agglomerate. [2]
Density-dependent mortality can be overcompensating, undercompensating or exactly compensating. [ citation needed ] There also exists density-independent inhibition , where other factors such as weather or environmental conditions and disturbances may affect a population's carrying capacity .
The generally accepted definition of Allee effect is positive density dependence, or the positive correlation between population density and individual fitness. It is sometimes referred to as "undercrowding" and it is analogous (or even considered synonymous by some) to "depensation" in the field of fishery sciences.
This fragility came to motivate the work of Edward Leamer, who emphatically criticized modelers' tendency to indulge in "post-data model construction" and consequently developed a method of economic modelling based on the selection of regression models according to the types of prior density specification in order to identify the prior ...