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Bt cotton was first approved for field trials in the United States in 1993, and first approved for commercial use in the United States in 1995. [3] Bt cotton was approved by the Chinese government in 1997. [4] In 2002, a joint venture between Monsanto and Mahyco introduced Bt cotton to India. [5]
Monsanto subsequently developed Bt maize (MON 802, MON 809, MON 863, MON 810), Bt soybean [129] and Bt cotton. Monsanto produces seed that has multiple genetic modifications, also known as "stacked traits"—for instance, cotton that make one or more Bt proteins and is resistant to glyphosate.
Monsanto purchases Delta & Pine Land Company, a major cotton seed breeder, for $1.5 billion. [36] As a condition for approval from the Department of Justice , Monsanto was obligated to divest its Stoneville cotton business, which it sold to Bayer, and to divest its NexGen cotton business, which it sold to Americot. [ 37 ]
The company produces seeds for cotton, wheat, rice, sorghum, pearl millet, maize oilseeds and vegetables crops. [2] Through a joint venture with Monsanto named Mahyco Monsanto Biotech, Mahyco sublicenses Bt cotton technology in India. [3] The Indian government has maintained price controls on Bt cotton seeds since at least 2011. [4]
This was the first instance of Bt resistance confirmed by Monsanto anywhere in the world. [83] [84] Monsanto responded by introducing a second-generation cotton with multiple Bt proteins, which was rapidly adopted. [83] Bollworm resistance to first-generation Bt cotton was also identified in Australia, China, Spain, and the United States. [85]
Micha Peled's documentary on biotech (Bt) farming in India observes the impact of genetically modified cotton on India's farmers, with a suicide rate of over a quarter million Bt cotton farmers each year due to financial stress resulting from massive crop failure and the price of Monsanto's Bt seeds.