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The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation.
Subdiacritics (diacritics normally placed below a letter) may be moved above a letter to avoid conflict with a descender, as in voiceless ŋ̊ . [70] The raising and lowering diacritics have optional spacing forms ˔ , ˕ that avoid descenders. The state of the glottis can be finely transcribed with diacritics.
The most common diacritic marks seen in English publications are the acute (é), grave (è), circumflex (â, î, or ô), tilde (ñ), umlaut and diaeresis (ü or ï—the same symbol is used for two different purposes), and cedilla (ç). [4] Diacritics used for tonal languages may be replaced with tonal numbers or omitted.
In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. å is alphabetised with a , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as ſ (a variant of s ) and ɔ (based on o ), are placed at the end.
In mathematics, lexicographical order is a means of ordering sequences in a manner analogous to that used to produce alphabetical order. [16] Some computer applications use a version of alphabetical order that can be achieved using a very simple algorithm, based purely on the ASCII or Unicode codes for characters. This may have non-standard ...
The lists and tables below summarize and compare the letter inventories of some of the Latin-script alphabets.In this article, the scope of the word "alphabet" is broadened to include letters with tone marks, and other diacritics used to represent a wide range of orthographic traditions, without regard to whether or how they are sequenced in their alphabet or the table.
For many, regardless of whether letters or diacritics get used, the most common tone is not marked, just as the most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas. In Zhuyin, not only is one of the tones unmarked; but there is a diacritic to indicate a lack of tone, like the virama of Indic. [citation needed]