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The most commonly accepted probable cause of ganglion cysts is the herniation hypothesis, by which they are thought to occur as an out-pouching or distention of a weakened portion of a joint capsule or tendon sheath. This description is based on the observations that the cysts occur close to tendons and joints.
Each capsule consists of two layers or membranes: an outer (fibrous membrane, fibrous stratum) composed of avascular white fibrous tissue; an inner (synovial membrane, synovial stratum) which is a secreting layer; On the inside of the capsule, articular cartilage covers the end surfaces of the bones that articulate within that joint.
The needle is radiographically guided into the glenohumeral joint space, after which the patient is evaluated by fluoroscopy, CT or MRI. The gadolinium in the contrast fluid yields a bright signal on T1 weighted images allowing for better evaluation of the joint capsule, the articular surface of the bones and, in particular, the labral cartilage.
The capsule of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is the articular capsule of the shoulder.It completely surrounds the joint. It is attached above to the circumference of the glenoid cavity beyond the glenoidal labrum, and below to the anatomical neck of the humerus, approaching nearer to the articular cartilage above than in the rest of its extent.
The water of synovial fluid is not secreted as such but is effectively trapped in the joint space by the hyaluronan. The macrophage-like synovial cells (derived from monocytes in blood) [ 3 ] are responsible for the removal of undesirable substances from the synovial fluid (hence are rich in Golgi apparatus ).
The articular capsule of the knee joint is the wide and lax joint capsule of the knee. It is thin in front and at the side, and contains the patella, ligaments, menisci, and bursae of the knee. [1] The capsule consists of an inner synovial membrane, and an outer fibrous membrane separated by fatty deposits anteriorly and posteriorly. [2]
Hyaline cartilage is the glass-like and translucent cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It is also most commonly found in the ribs , nose, larynx , and trachea . [ 1 ] Hyaline cartilage is pearl-gray in color, with a firm consistency and has a considerable amount of collagen.
The hardening of the shoulder joint capsule is central to the disease process. This is the result of scar tissue around the joint capsule. [14] There also may be a reduction in synovial fluid, which normally helps the shoulder joint, a ball and socket joint, move by lubricating the gap between the humerus and the socket in the shoulder blade.