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The Pastry War (Spanish: Guerra de los pasteles; French: Guerre des Pâtisseries), also known as the first French intervention in Mexico or the first Franco-Mexican war (1838–1839), began in November 1838 with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in the port of Veracruz by French forces sent by King Louis Philippe I.
The nationalist cause was rapidly adopted in the south and spread to the central highlands and the capital of Antananarivo by the following month, with the number of Malagasy nationalist fighters estimated at over one million. [5] By May 1947, the French began to counter the nationalists. The French tripled the number of troops on the island to ...
In 1950 it was renamed as Revue d'histoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale and in 1982 as Revue d'histoire de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale et des conflits contemporains, before obtaining its current title in 1987. [1] The founding editor-in-chief was Henri Michel. Currently, the editor-in-chief is Chantal Metzger.
The identification of the causes of World War I remains a debated issue. World War I began in the Balkans on July 28, 1914, and hostilities ended on November 11, 1918 , leaving 17 million dead and 25 million wounded .
There was only one cause common to all underground newspapers: to appeal to as many French people as possible to join the fight against the occupier, to "chase away the invader" [b] as Libération wrote in August 1941, with the aim of liberating French territory. The first form of action targeted by the underground press was the call to read ...
During the Cold War, the Indochina wars (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Đông Dương) were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1946 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Vietnamese capitalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese ...
Prior to the revolution, France was a de jure absolute monarchy, a system that became known as the Ancien Régime.In practice, the power of the monarchy was typically checked by the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church, institutions such as the judicial parlements, national and local customs and, above all, the threat of insurrection.
The causes of ethnic conflict are debated by political scientists and sociologists. Official academic explanations generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist, and constructivist. More recent scholarship draws on all three schools.