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The German Confederation was also led by Austria from 1815 to 1866. In 1866 Austria was firstly separated from Germany and German Confederation was dissolved. In 1867, the multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire was established and led by Austria; it was rivaled by the North German Confederation from 1866 to 1871 and German Empire led by the Kingdom of Prussia rivaled Austria.
As Austria (or Austria-Hungary, since 1867) no longer struggled over the hegemony in Germany, the term Deutscher Dualismus became meaningless. Germany and Austria-Hungary soon became close allies, as proven by the Zweibund of 1879. Both countries were the main Central Powers during World War I (1914–1918).
On 12 November, German-Austria was declared a republic, and named Social Democrat Karl Renner as provisional chancellor. On the same day it drafted a provisional constitution that stated that "German-Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German-Austria is an integral part of the German reich" (Article 2). [66]
The war left Prussia dominant in German politics (since Austria was now excluded from Germany and no longer the top German power). The northern states protested against their annexation to the Hohenzollern monarchy, and both the dethroned rulers and the local population lamented the loss of their nation's sovereignty. [32]
In return, Austria promised to amnesty incarcerated National Socialists and to bring two into the government. Germany agreed to lift the thousand-mark ban, while Austria agreed to align its foreign policy to that of Germany—the deutsche Weg (German way). [2] The agreement also covered joint administration of the press and common cultural ...
In contrast, the German word Annektierung (military annexation) was not used, and is not commonly used now, to describe the union of Austria and Germany in 1938. The word Anschluss had been widespread before 1938 describing an incorporation of Austria into Germany. Calling the incorporation of Austria into Germany an "Anschluss," that is a ...
Map indicating German-speaking areas (red) within the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1911. The Republic of German-Austria (German: Republik Deutschösterreich, alternatively spelt Republik Deutsch-Österreich) and German-Austria (German: Deutschösterreich) was an unrecognised state that was created following World War I as an initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking and ...
Areas claimed by the Republic of German Austria.These represent areas of the former Empire with majority-German populations. After the end of the First World War, which saw the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, German-speaking parts of the former Empire established a new republic under the name "German Austria" (German: Deutsch-Österreich).