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Injection site reactions (ISRs) are reactions that occur at the site of injection of a drug. They may be mild or severe and may or may not require medical intervention. Some reactions may appear immediately after injection, and some may be delayed. [1] Such reactions can occur with subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous administration.
Fixed drug reactions are common and so named because they recur at the same site with each exposure to a particular medication. [1] Medications inducing fixed drug eruptions are usually those taken intermittently.
Texier's disease is a pseudosclerodermatous reaction that occurs after injection with vitamin K, a subcutaneous sclerosis with or without fasciitis that lasts several years. [ 1 ] : 123 [ 2 ] See also
The injection site must be cleaned before administering the injection, and the injection is then administered in a fast, darting motion to decrease the discomfort to the individual. The volume to be injected in the muscle is usually limited to 2–5 milliliters, depending on injection site. A site with signs of infection or muscle atrophy ...
The reaction is also seen in the other diseases caused by spirochetes: Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis. [4] There have been case reports of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction accompanying treatment of other infections, including Q fever , bartonellosis , brucellosis , trichinellosis , and African trypanosomiasis .
Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption (GBFDE) most commonly refers to a drug reaction in the erythema multiforme group. [3]: 129 These are uncommon reactions to medications, with an incidence of 0.4 to 1.2 per million person-years for toxic epidermal necrolysis and 1.2 to 6.0 per million person-years for Stevens–Johnson syndrome.
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
The coagulation cascade.. Warfarin necrosis usually occurs three to five days after drug therapy is begun, and a high initial dose increases the risk of its development. [3]: 122 Warfarin-induced necrosis can develop both at sites of local injection and - when infused intravenously - in a widespread pattern.