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An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communication protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. [1] An application layer abstraction is specified in both the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model . [ 2 ]
This article lists protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model.This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family.Many of these protocols are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers.
For example, FTP is a user protocol and DNS is a support protocol. Although the applications are usually aware of key qualities of the transport layer connection such as the endpoint IP addresses and port numbers, application layer protocols generally treat the transport layer (and lower) protocols as black boxes which provide a stable network ...
The limited deployment of IP Multicast, a best-effort network layer multicast protocol, has led to considerable interest in alternate approaches that are implemented at the application layer, using only end-systems. In an overlay or end-system multicast approach, participating peers organize themselves into an overlay topology for data delivery.
Application: Data: High-level protocols such as for resource sharing or remote file access, e.g. HTTP. 6 Presentation: Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption: 5 Session
An IPv6 network does not perform fragmentation in network elements, but requires end hosts and higher-layer protocols to avoid exceeding the path MTU. [ 20 ] The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an example of a protocol that adjusts its segment size to be smaller than the MTU.
In networking equipment configuration, a term-of-art distinction is often drawn: The term protocol strictly refers to the transport layer, and the term service refers to protocols utilizing a protocol for transport. In the common case of TCP and UDP, services are distinguished by port numbers.
Network architecture is the design of a computer network.It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as communication protocols used.