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When applied to the surface of the eye, side effects may include a brief period of blurry vision and discoloration of contact lenses of the soft type. [ 7 ] [ 3 ] When used by mouth or injection, side effects may include headache, nausea, and a change to the color of the skin for a brief period of time. [ 3 ]
The fluorescein is examined with a cobalt blue filter. At this point, the fluorescein appears green in color. Any changes in color or surface of the fluorescence area indicate the presence of corneal leakage. The test is contraindicated in obvious globe rupture, Full-thickness eye laceration, and fluorescein hypersensitivity. [1]
The fluorescein is administered intravenously in intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) and orally in oral fluorescein angiography (OFA). The test is a dye tracing method. The fluorescein dye also reappears in the patient urine, causing the urine to appear darker, and sometimes orange. [2] It can also cause discolouration of the saliva.
Schirmer's test determines whether the eye produces enough tears to keep it moist. This test is used when a person experiences very dry eyes or excessive watering of the eyes. It can cause damage to the cornea. [1] A negative (more than 10 mm of moisture on the filter paper in 5 minutes) test result is normal.
Rose bengal (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodofluorescein) is a stain. Rose bengal belongs to the class of organic compounds called xanthenes. [1] Its sodium salt is commonly used in eye drops to stain damaged conjunctival and corneal cells and thereby identify damage to the eye.
In pure aqueous tear deficiency dry eye patients, fluorescein stains in the interpalpebral exposure zone. In mechanical dry eye patients, fluorescein staining can be seen by pulling down the lower lid spread to the non-exposure zone. A tear-clearance test can also detect irregularities in the tear film. [6]
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a water soluble cyanine dye which shows fluorescence in near-infrared (790–805 nm) range, with peak spectral absorption of 800-810 nm in blood. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The near infrared light used in ICGA penetrates ocular pigments such as melanin and xanthophyll , as well as exudates and thin layers of sub-retinal vessels. [ 3 ]
Fluorescein 2% [2] is instilled into the lower fornix of patient's eye. Alternatively, impregnated fluorescein strip moistened with preservative (benzalkonium chloride) free saline solution can also be used. [6] The eye is examined under a slit lamp with a low magnification and a broad beam covering the whole cornea. The lamp is switched to a ...