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The hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermic. [19] As indicated by its acid dissociation constant, sulfuric acid is a strong acid: H 2 SO 4 → H 3 O + + HSO − 4 K a1 = 1000 (pK a1 = −3) The product of this ionization is HSO − 4, the bisulfate anion. Bisulfate is a far weaker acid: HSO − 4 + H 2 O → H 3 O + + SO 2− 4 ...
The contact process is a method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was originally used as the catalyst for this reaction; however, because it is susceptible to reacting with arsenic impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V) oxide (V 2 O 5) has since been preferred.
Sodium chloride and sulfuric acid are first fed onto a stationary reaction plate where an initial reaction takes place. The stationary plate is up to 6 m (20 ft) in diameter. Rotating rabble arms constantly turn over the mixture and move the intermediate product to a lower plate.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent that can strip available water molecules and water components from sugar and organic tissue. [ 141 ] The burning of coal and/or petroleum by industry and power plants generates sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) that reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ). [ 142 ]
The first and faster [citation needed] process is the removal of hydrogen and oxygen as units of water by the concentrated sulfuric acid. This occurs because hydration of concentrated sulfuric acid is strongly thermodynamically favorable, with a standard enthalpy of reaction of −880 kJ/mol.
The process is based on the well-known wet sulfuric acid process (WSA), a process for recovering sulfur from various process gasses in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4). [1] [2] [3] The SNOX process is based on catalytic reactions and does not consume water or absorbents.
The primary advantages of Fischer esterification compared to other esterification processes are based on its relative simplicity. Straightforward acidic conditions can be used if acid-sensitive functional groups are not an issue; sulfuric acid can be used; weaker acids can be used with a tradeoff of longer reaction times.
Sulfur dioxide is an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, being converted to sulfur trioxide, and then to oleum, which is made into sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide for this purpose is made when sulfur combines with oxygen. The method of converting sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid is called the contact process. Several million tons are ...