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Spondyloarthritis (SpA), also known as spondyloarthropathy, is a collection of clinical syndromes that are connected by genetic predisposition and clinical manifestations. [1] The best-known clinical subtypes are enteropathic arthritis (EA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and reactive arthritis (ReA). [ 2 ]
Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are a class of biologic drugs used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. TNFi drugs, such as etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, and golimumab, target the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha plays a key role in the inflammatory process in ankylosing ...
3 Risk factors. 4 Diagnosis. Toggle Diagnosis subsection. 4.1 Differential diagnosis. 5 Treatment. 6 References. ... Spondyloarthropathy; Rheumatoid arthritis ...
Among the genetic factors that may influence ankylosing spondylitis, the HLA-B27 gene accounts for about thirty percent of the overall genetic risk, per the National Library of Medicine. The ...
The disease typically begins with enthesopathic inflammation and progresses to ossifying enthesitis. The molecular pathways involved in syndesmophyte formation are complex, involving factors such as bone morphogenetic protein, Wnt signaling pathway, Dickkopf-1, sclerostin, and various cytokines, all of which are intricately regulated. [16] [17]
Psoriatic arthritis, [32] [33] enthesopathy linked to spondyloarthropathy, [34] and refractory ankylosing spondylitis [35] can all benefit from biological blockade using the TNFa antagonists etanercept and infliximab. Infliximab is also useful in reducing spondyloarthropathy and intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease patients. [36]
In contrast, a spondyloarthropathy is a condition involving the vertebral joints, but many conditions involve both spondylopathy and spondyloarthropathy. Examples include ankylosing spondylitis and spondylosis.
In cervical spondylosis, a patient may be presented with dull neck pain with neck stiffness in the initial stages of the disease. As the disease progresses, symptoms related to radiculopathy (due to compression of exiting spinal nerve by narrowed intervertebral foramen) or myelopathy (due to compression on the spinal cord) can occur. [2]
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