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Minor transient adverse effects are rare and most commonly include stomach pain and diarrhea. [13] [24] A 2020 study reported that concerns had emerged that chronic citicoline use may have adverse psychiatric effects, however, the study's meta-analysis of the relevant literature did not support this hypothesis.
[2]: 118 The rash may also be one of the potentially lethal severe cutaneous adverse reactions, the DRESS syndrome, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis. [3] [4] Systemic manifestations occur at the time of skin manifestations and include a high number of eosinophils in the blood, liver inflammation, and interstitial nephritis
A paradoxical reaction (or paradoxical effect) is an effect of a chemical substance, such as a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication .
Treatment is typically symptomatic, but hospitalization may be required for severe cases. While optimal treatment strategies for serum sickness–like reactions are not clearly defined in the literature, discontinuation of the suspected agent combined with use of antihistamines, corticosteroids and NSAIDs for symptom control is an appropriate ...
Cytokine reaction syndrome may also be induced by certain medications, such as the CD20 antibody rituximab and the CD19 CAR T cell tisagenlecleucel. The experimental drug TGN1412 —also known as Theralizumab—caused extremely serious symptoms when given to six participants in a Phase I trial . [ 2 ]
Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a rare sudden, paroxysmal, dystonic reaction that may manifest in response to specific drugs, particularly neuroleptics, or medical conditions, such as movement disorders. This neurological phenomenon is characterized by a sustained dystonic, conjugate , involuntary upward deviation of both eyes lasting seconds to hours.
Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption (GBFDE) most commonly refers to a drug reaction in the erythema multiforme group. [3]: 129 These are uncommon reactions to medications, with an incidence of 0.4 to 1.2 per million person-years for toxic epidermal necrolysis and 1.2 to 6.0 per million person-years for Stevens–Johnson syndrome.